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The incumbent industry deals with this problem by ignoring it. They pick one possible answer and act like the other ones don't exist. And as a result, we design suboptimal mines, make suboptimal decisions, often mining unnecessary material.现有的矿业行业处理这个问题的方式是忽视它。他们只选择一个可能的答案，然后假装其他可能性不存在。结果就是，我们设计出的矿山并不理想，做出的决策也并不优化，经常还会开采大量不必要的物料。We've invented a different way. We collect all the possibilities consistent with the data measured, and we do this by simulating the physical response of each of the arrangement of rocks. We do this 10,000 times faster by training an AI to learn the relevant physics of the rock beneath, in the time it takes the conventional method to test one. That means we collect better data, we make better predictions of where to look next. So if you had a rock body and a rock body that's denser than material around it, you might drill through the middle of it. But if you have all the hundreds of thousands of possible solutions, the best thing you can do is to collect data where you're the most uncertain and rigorously eliminate as many possibilities as possible. This enables us to maximize the information we get for every dollar we spend, and we do this repeatedly so we can quantify our uncertainties.我们发明了一种不同的方法。我们会收集所有与测量数据相符的可能性，并通过模拟各种岩石组合的物理反应来实现这一点。借助人工智能学习地下岩石相关物理特性，我们的速度比传统方法快上 10,000 倍——在传统方法只能测试一个的时间里，我们能完成成千上万次模拟。这意味着我们能收集到更好的数据，进而对下一步的勘探地点做出更好的预测。比如，如果你发现一个岩体，其密度大于周围的物质，你可能会选择直接在它的中间钻探。但如果你手上有成千上万种可能的解决方案，最明智的做法就是在最不确定的地方收集数据，并尽可能严格地排除掉不可能的情况。这让我们能够最大化每一美元投入所获得的信息，并且我们会不断重复这一过程，从而量化我们的不确定性。Even after we've made an ore body discovery, we still have to contend with this uncertainty. We have to define the size and shape of this ore body. Let me illustrate how difficult this is. So now, 1,000 meters below your feet, you drilled, you sampled the rock and you determined that it has five percent copper. So now you know, you've got your data point and your observation. Now, I ask you to make a prediction of the concentration of copper of the person sitting next to you.即便我们发现了一个矿体，仍然需要面对这种不确定性。我们必须界定这个矿体的大小和形状。让我来说明这有多困难。假设现在你在脚下 1000 米处钻探，取出了岩石样本，并测定其铜含量为 5%。到这里，你得到了一条数据点和一个观测结果。接下来，我让你预测一下：坐在你旁边的人脚下 1000 米处的铜含量是多少？What would your prediction be and how confident would you be in your prediction? What about across the room? Think of any person across this room and try to predict 1,000 meters below them. What about in the next building or the next city? This is the vast challenge that we face. We've only sampled a tiny fraction of rock, collected several football fields apart from each other, for which we're trying to make predictions of all the rock properties in between.你的预测会是什么？你对这个预测有多少信心？那么房间另一头呢？想象一下房间那头的某个人，试着预测他脚下 1000 米处的铜含量。那隔壁大楼呢？或者下一座城市呢？这就是我们面临的巨大挑战。我们只采集了极少量的岩石样本，而且这些样本之间相隔相当于几个足球场的距离，却要用这些数据去预测其间所有岩石的属性。This technology has helped us move fast in Zambia, where I come from, to design and develop a mine based on our predictions for which we've only sampled a tiny fraction of rock.这种技术已经帮助我们在我来自的赞比亚快速推进，仅凭极少量的岩石样本和我们的预测，就能够设计并开发出一座矿山。

So we need to look deeper. Controversially, we've been taught that these materials will run out. We don't lack ore body deposits. We lack information of where they lie. So if you had a crystal ball, you'd just look into it and start digging out the rocks that are the best and generate the least waste. But we don't have a crystal ball. So the thing that we should do is make predictions of where these materials lie.所以我们需要向更深处探索。一直以来，存在一种争议性的说法：这些矿产资源会枯竭。但实际上，我们并不缺少矿体，我们缺少的是关于它们分布位置的信息。如果你有一个水晶球，只要看一眼，就能直接去挖掘那些品质最好、废料最少的矿石。但现实是我们没有水晶球，所以我们必须依靠预测，推断这些矿产究竟分布在哪里。My colleagues and I at KoBold are doing what the industry has neglected to do. We aim to predict everything, quantify what we don't know and collect information efficiently. So we're all going to try that right now. I want you to predict 1,000 meters below your feet what the concentration of copper is right where you're sitting. I want you to predict how hard it is, how fractured it is, what's its density? We aim to predict all these things and more. We're developing machine learning technologies that help us predict all of this and rigorously quantify our uncertainties in these predictions. So what does this look like in practice?我和在 KoBold 的同事们正在做这个行业长期忽视的事情。我们的目标是尽可能预测一切，将未知进行量化，并高效地收集信息。现在我想让你们也来尝试一下：试着预测你脚下 1000 米深处的铜浓度是多少？它的硬度如何？裂隙程度怎样？密度又是多少？我们希望能够预测所有这些，甚至更多。为此，我们正在开发机器学习技术，帮助我们完成这些预测，并严格地量化预测中的不确定性。那么，这在实际操作中会是什么样子呢？When we're exploring for mines, we often fly aircraft thousands of kilometers across the Earth to try collect information such as the Earth's magnetism, its gravitational field, that tells us something about the rocks beneath. But there's a problem. For everything that we're looking at, there are going to be an infinite number of possibilities. And that's because we're building three-dimensional models to fit two-dimensional data. So if a body was smaller and closer to the surface or larger and further away, the measurement would be the same. So this body will also fit the data. And will this one, and this one, and many more.当我们进行矿产勘探时，通常会驾驶飞机在地球上飞行数千公里，以收集数据，例如地球的磁场和引力场信息，这些数据能告诉我们地表下岩石的一些特征。但这里有一个问题：我们观察到的每一个现象，都可能对应无数种可能的解释。这是因为我们用二维数据去构建三维模型。举例来说，如果一个矿体比较小但更接近地表，或者比较大但埋得更深，它们的测量结果可能完全一样。所以，这个矿体可以匹配数据，而另一个也可以，再一个也行，还有更多。

I was born and raised in Zambia, a country known for its rich copper mining history. Alignment of the stars meant that by birth and by science, I became a miner. Everything we build and use was either grown or mined. From the walls to the windows, the tables and the chairs, your phones, your computers, the stage, my copper earrings and maybe your jewelry.我在赞比亚出生并长大，这个国家以丰富的铜矿开采历史闻名。命运与科学的安排，使我自然而然成为了一名矿工。我们建造和使用的一切，要么是种出来的，要么是挖出来的。从墙壁到窗户，从桌子到椅子，从你的手机到电脑，从舞台到我戴的铜耳环，甚至可能还有你的首饰。So today when we talk about building a circular economy, we mean we need to electrify everything. Our economies will have cars and trucks, robots, drones and aircraft powered by batteries. Our children will need computers in all schools with equal access, and we'll have data centers full of advanced chips to bring us AI, all sourced by abundant sources of renewable energy. The raw materials we'll need will be recyclable so we can become clean and circular. So that means a lot more lithium, copper, cobalt, nickel and others. So we need to build more than 400 new mines by 2040 for us to become circular.所以今天当我们谈论构建循环经济时，意思是我们必须让一切实现电气化。我们的经济体系将拥有由电池驱动的汽车和卡车、机器人、无人机和飞机。我们的孩子们将在所有学校里都能平等地使用电脑，而我们也会有充满先进芯片的数据中心来为我们带来人工智能，而这一切都将依赖丰富的可再生能源。我们所需要的原材料必须是可回收的，这样我们才能实现清洁和循环。因此，这意味着需要更多的锂、铜、钴、镍以及其他矿物。到 2040 年，我们需要建立超过 400 座新矿山，才能实现循环经济。But before you can build a mine, you have to find the raw materials. The thing is, today's mining industry leaders are doing too little to advance our qualities of life. In other industries that rely on discovery for growth, like pharmaceuticals and technology, for every dollar they return to shareholders, they spend about a dollar in R and D. In mining, however, for every dollar returned to shareholders, less than a penny is spent in exploration. With such underinvestment, it shouldn't surprise you that the technology used in exploration and mining has barely advanced. In fact, we've gotten ten times worse in the last 30 years at making ore body discoveries.但在你建矿之前，首先必须找到原材料。问题在于，当今的矿业领袖们在提升我们的生活质量方面做得太少。在其他依赖发现推动增长的行业，比如制药业和科技行业，每返还一美元给股东，他们大约会投入一美元用于研发。然而在矿业中，每返还一美元给股东，用于勘探的投入却不到一分钱。在如此严重的投资不足下，你不应该对矿业勘探和开采技术几乎毫无进步感到惊讶。事实上，在过去 30 年里，我们在发现矿体方面的效率已经降低了十倍。But there's good news. The vast majority of ore deposits are still out there waiting to be found. They're just harder to find. Of all the past mines we know of, they were easy because they were poking out of the surface and they were near the surface.但好消息是，绝大多数矿床仍然存在，正等待我们去发现。只是它们变得更难寻找了。我们已知的那些过去的矿山之所以容易发现，是因为它们要么直接露出地表，要么距离地表非常近。

Somewhere on a farm in Iowa in 2010, a hen lays an egg. In just a few short weeks, this egg will be part of a massive infection event: thousands of people will fall ill, millions of eggs will be recalled, and several egg industry titans will ultimately land in jail, all thanks to a microscopic but mighty bacterium.2010年，在爱荷华州的一座农场里，一只母鸡产下了一枚鸡蛋。仅仅几个星期后，这枚鸡蛋将成为一场大规模感染事件的一部分：成千上万的人会生病，数百万枚鸡蛋将被召回，而几位蛋业巨头最终会锒铛入狱，而这一切都源于一种微小却强大的细菌。Salmonella infects millions worldwide each year, causing fever, stomach cramps, and diarrhea. And these effects can be extreme: Salmonella is the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths from food poisoning.↳每年，全世界有数百万人感染沙门氏菌，导致发烧、胃痉挛和腹泻。这些影响可能非常严重：沙门氏菌是食物中毒导致住院和死亡的主要原因。So, let’s follow this microbe to find out how it makes so many people sick.那么，让我们跟随这种微生物，看看它是如何让如此多人患病的。We begin in the chicken's digestive tract, a major source of all Salmonella infections. In chickens, Salmonella bacteria often go undetected, allowing them to spread to eggs either through the developing yolk or by passing through feces, which can then contaminate shells. Under unhygienic farming conditions, this Salmonella-laden feces may also infect or contaminate other animals and crops, causing various food-linked outbreaks. Meanwhile, chicken meat can be exposed to intestinal Salmonella during processing.我们从鸡的消化道开始，它是所有沙门氏菌感染的主要来源。在鸡体内，沙门氏菌常常不易被察觉，它们可能通过正在发育的蛋黄传播到鸡蛋中，或通过粪便排出并污染蛋壳。在不卫生的养殖条件下，这些含有沙门氏菌的粪便还可能感染或污染其他动物和农作物，导致各种与食物相关的疫情。同时，在加工过程中，鸡肉也可能接触到肠道中的沙门氏菌。On its journey from farm to plate, the microbe can survive extreme cold, wet, and dry conditions. However, once it moves into a human body, Salmonella reveals its true talents for survival. The first hurdle is the stomach. Here, most bacterial invaders are killed off by stomach acid. But Salmonella cells can detect acidic conditions, which triggers the production of acid shock proteins. These molecules shield the bacteria from damage just long enough for it to pass into the intestines.↳在从农场到餐桌的旅途中，这种微生物能在极端的寒冷、潮湿和干燥环境中生存。然而，一旦进入人体，沙门氏菌便展现出它真正的生存本领。第一道关卡是胃。在这里，大多数细菌入侵者都会被胃酸消灭。但沙门氏菌能感知酸性环境，从而触发酸冲击蛋白的产生。这些分子保护细菌免受伤害，正好能支撑它们进入肠道。Salmonella then faces the next gauntlet, as intestinal cells swiftly unleash microbe-destroying immune cells. But once again, the bacteria detect these changes with inbuilt sensors. And embedded within Salmonella’s genome are pathogenicity islands, clusters of adaptive genes that launch the next phase of attack. They signal the construction of a specialized system that resembles a needle and syringe. Within seconds, it injects molecules called effector proteins into the intestinal cells, causing them to change their structure and swallow up the Salmonella. Once inside, Salmonella can then exploit the cell machinery to replicate and spread.接着，沙门氏菌面对下一道挑战：肠道细胞会迅速释放出能消灭微生物的免疫细胞。但细菌再次利用内置的感应器来探测这些变化。在沙门氏菌的基因组中，存在着致病岛——一组自适应基因簇，它们会启动下一阶段的攻击。它们指令细菌构建一个类似针管的特殊系统。在几秒钟内，沙门氏菌就能将效应蛋白注入肠道细胞，使其结构发生变化并吞噬沙门氏菌。一旦进入细胞，沙门氏菌就能利用细胞的机制进行复制和扩散。But these invaded intestinal cells don’t go down without a fight— as soon as this breach begins, they release cytokines, chemical messengers that prompt the immune system to launch into action. Fleets of white blood cells seek out and destroy Salmonella microbes and infected cells. This inflammatory response is also what leads to symptoms like abdominal pains and fever. And it further damages the breached intestinal cells, limiting their usual ability to absorb water. So, whatever’s in the digestive tract gets released in watery diarrhea.但这些被入侵的肠道细胞并不会坐以待毙——一旦入侵开始，它们就会释放细胞因子，这是一种化学信使，能促使免疫系统立即行动。大量白细胞会追踪并摧毁沙门氏菌以及被感染的细胞。这种炎症反应也正是导致腹痛和发烧等症状的原因。此外，它还会进一步损伤受侵的肠道细胞，限制它们正常吸收水分的能力。于是，消化道中的物质就会以水样腹泻的形式排出体外。While this inflammatory response may feel unpleasant, it effectively purges Salmonella from the body within 2 to 7 days for most people, without the need for antibiotics.虽然这种炎症反应令人不适，但对大多数人而言，它能在 2 到 7 天内有效清除体内的沙门氏菌，而无需使用抗生素。But there are times when a Salmonella infection may require more treatment. It can lead to severe dehydration, particularly in children and older patients. And in some unusual cases, Salmonella can continue to spread through the body, hiding inside immune cells, invading other organs and tissues, and even poisoning the blood. These cases occur if a person is infected by a rare but powerful type of Salmonella called S. typhi. Unlike other strains, S. typhi doesn’t infect chickens— It spreads from person to person, mainly via poor sanitation and untreated drinking water. Although it’s uncommon in many parts of the world, typhoid fever, the disease that S. typhi causes, still kills over 100,000 people yearly.但有时沙门氏菌感染需要更多治疗。它可能导致严重脱水，尤其是在儿童和老年患者中。而在一些少见的情况下，沙门氏菌会继续在体内传播，藏身于免疫细胞中，侵入其他器官和组织，甚至引发败血症。这些情况多发生在感染了一种罕见但强大的沙门氏菌——伤寒沙门氏菌（S. typhi）时。与其他菌株不同，S. typhi 不会感染鸡，它主要通过人际传播，尤其是因卫生条件差或饮用未处理的水而传播。尽管在世界许多地区并不常见，但由 S. typhi 引起的伤寒每年仍导致超过 10 万人死亡。Thankfully, there are vaccines to prevent infection by S. typhi. To avoid milder variants, there are steps that everyone can take, like washing your hands, avoiding unpasteurized milk, and cooking meat and eggs thoroughly. Cookie dough should be off limits: raw eggs and flour both carry a Salmonella risk.幸运的是，目前已有疫苗可以预防 S. typhi 的感染。为了避免较轻型的变种感染，每个人都可以采取一些措施，比如勤洗手、避免饮用未经消毒的牛奶、彻底煮熟肉类和鸡蛋。饼干生面团则应避免食用：因为生鸡蛋和面粉都存在沙门氏菌风险。And there are ways to stop Salmonella at its source. Investigations into the outbreak in 2010 revealed one company's dark history of unhygienic farming conditions, bribery of health officials, and mislabeled eggs. Since then, the United States has taken steps to put stricter regulations in place. In Europe, many countries have successfully reduced Salmonella by requiring testing on farms and before products reach shelves. But there's still work to be done if we want to stop the spread of this incredibly crafty pathogen.同时，也有办法从源头阻止沙门氏菌。对2010年疫情的调查揭示了一家公司不为人知的黑暗历史：不卫生的养殖环境、行贿卫生官员以及错误标记鸡蛋。自那以后，美国采取了更严格的监管措施。而在欧洲，许多国家通过要求在农场和产品上架前进行检测，成功减少了沙门氏菌的传播。但如果我们想要彻底阻止这种极具狡猾性的病原体传播，仍有大量工作要做。

The animal is covered in spikes all over its back including some that are one metre long emerging from its neck. It also has a bony collar that wraps around its neck and what looks like a pointy mace-like weapon at the end of its tail. Professor Richard Butler of Birmingham University said it was the most exciting specimen he'd ever seen.这种动物的背部布满尖刺，其中一些从颈部伸出的尖刺长达一米。它的脖子上还有一个骨干环，尾巴末端有看起来像是一种和狼牙棒类似的尖锐武器。伯明翰大学的理查德·巴特勒教授表示，这是他所见过的最令人兴奋的恐龙标本。The discovery, which has been published in the journal Nature, turns current ideas – that armour evolved gradually in these animals over tens of millions of years – on their head. Instead, it suggests that the armour was elaborate to start with, possibly for mating and display, and then became simpler and possibly more effective as protection from predators, according to Professor Susannah Maidment of the Natural History Museum.这项发现，发表在《自然》杂志上，颠覆了目前已有的观点，即这些动物的铠甲是在数千万年的时间里逐渐进化形成的。正相反，这项发现表明这些铠甲一开始精巧复杂，可能是为了交配和求偶，而之后变得更加简单，可能成为了抵御捕食者的更有效的保护，这是自然历史博物馆苏珊娜·梅德门教授的观点。The ankylosaur is the oldest discovered to date and is the first to be found in Africa. The research team hope the specimen will be displayed to the public in Fez in Morocco.这种甲龙是迄今为止发现的最古老的、也是第一个在非洲被发现的甲龙。研究团队希望这个标本能在摩洛哥非斯向公众展出。

It's normal for our bodies to not always be in tip-top condition, whether we catch the flu, have aching muscles after lots of exercise or get travel sick. But there's an ingredient that can help with all of that, and it can be used in all sorts of ways.我们的身体并不总是处于尖端状态是正常的，无论我们感受到流感，运动后肌肉疼痛还是患病。 但是，有一种成分可以帮助所有这些，并且可以以各种方式使用。Ginger isn't just something to have in the kitchen – it's been used as an aidfor centuries. Research consistently shows it eases nausea, such asmotion sickness, and is recommended as a remedy by the NHS for helpingease pregnancy sickness. Anna Daniels, a dietitian and spokesperson for the British Dietetic Association, says it's so beneficial because it has "powerful anti-inflammatory properties which assist with reducing inflammation in the gas trointestinal tract and therefore relieve discomfort and settle upset stomachs."生姜不仅在厨房里有东西 - 它已被用作几个世纪的帮助。 研究始终表明，它缓解了恶心，例如运动疾病，并被NHS推荐作为帮助缓解怀孕疾病的补救措施。 英国饮食协会的营养师和发言人安娜·丹尼尔斯（Anna Daniels）表示，它具有“强大的抗炎特性，有助于减少胃肠道炎症，从而缓解不适并减轻胃部不适的胃部。”And it can help with more than just nausea. Ginger tea has been shown to help fight colds and flu because it encourages perspiration, which in turn reduces feverish symptoms. Gingerol, a bioactive compound in the spice, has been found to help reduce the risk of infections because it supports immune health, including autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. And if you're sporty, there's good news for you too. Studies by the International Journal of Preventative Medicine and The Journal of Pain found that a daily supplement of ginger eased muscle soreness after intense physical activity.它不仅可以帮助恶心。 姜茶已被证明可以帮助抗击感冒和流感，因为它鼓励了出汗，从而减少了发烧的症状。 Gingerol是香料中的生物活性化合物，已被发现有助于降低感染的风险，因为它支持免疫健康，包括自身免疫性疾病，例如类风湿关节炎和狼疮。 而且，如果您运动型，那么您也会有个好消息。 《国际预防医学杂志》和《疼痛杂志》的研究发现，每天的姜补充在激烈的体育锻炼后缓解了肌肉酸痛。So, how can you use ginger? It's an incredibly versatile ingredient and can be used in almost anything from tea to biscuits to fiery stir-fries. Many cafes and supermarkets now sell ginger shots promoting health benefits. Emily Jonzen, author of The Goodness of Ginger and Turmeric, suggests grating it, though she advises "it has a strong flavour and a fieriness to it so introduce it to your cooking a little at a time".那么，如何使用生姜？ 这是一种多才多艺的成分，几乎可以用于从茶到饼干再到火热的炒菜中。 现在，许多咖啡馆和超市都出售生姜镜头，以促进健康益处。 姜和姜黄善良的作者艾米丽·琼森（Emily Jonzen）建议将其磨碎，尽管她建议“它具有强烈的风味和烈性，因此一次将其介绍给您的烹饪。”So, if you like the taste, you could incorporate it into your diet and see if you feel these health benefits.因此，如果您喜欢这种口味，则可以将其纳入饮食中，看看您是否会觉得这些健康益处。

We all know that having too much work and too much stress can lead to burnout, but did you know that the opposite can also be a problem? Have you ever felt that your job was too easy and that everything was just a bit too boring? If so, you might be suffering from rust out.我们都知道，工作量过多，压力太多会导致倦怠，但是您知道恰恰相反可能是一个问题吗？ 您是否曾经觉得您的工作太简单了，一切都太无聊了？ 如果是这样，您可能会遭受生锈。Rust out happens when there isn't enough challenge to motivate you to keep going in your job. Without some challenge, it can be hard to feelgrowth in your role. If a job has lots of repetitive and monotonous tasks, it can make it hard to see the purpose of a role. Having a lower level of responsibility at work than before can also make it harder to feel fulfilled in a job. This can affect people who have taken time out from their career for family or personal reasons.当没有足够的挑战以激励您继续工作时，就会发生生锈。 没有一些挑战，您的角色可能很难感受到成长。 如果工作有很多重复且单调的任务，则可能很难看到角色的目的。 在工作中的责任水平低于以前，也可以使工作中的满足感更加困难。 这可能会影响因家庭或个人原因从职业生涯中抽出时间的人。If you think that you might be suffering from rust out, then there are a number of signs to watch out for. You might dread finding your schedule each week and not seeing anything stimulating on it. It might be that you often find yourself clock-watching at work, willing the time to pass.Focus and motivation can drop, leading you to get less done than you had before, or to make more mistakes. You may start to feel apathetic and disengaged towards your job. These feelings can lead to anxiety and depression which can then spread from work into people's personal lives.如果您认为自己可能患有生锈，那么有很多迹象要注意。 您可能会害怕每周找到自己的日程安排，而没有看到任何刺激的东西。 可能是您经常发现自己在工作中观看时钟，愿意通过时间。 专注和动力可能会下降，导致您比以前做得更少，或者犯更多的错误。 您可能会开始感到冷漠，并脱离工作。 这些感觉会导致焦虑和沮丧，然后可以从工作中传播到人们的个人生活中。Finding yourself suffering from rust out can sometimes be an opportunity. Some experts suggest that self-awareness is key. By taking some time to realise what you are really looking for in work and life, you can take steps to re-discover your motivation. Setting yourself goals and allowing yourself to try new things can help you find a new purpose. Considering what you really need for a job can also lead you to find a new one that's better suited to your goals in life.发现自己患有生锈有时可能是一个机会。 一些专家认为自我意识是关键。 通过花一些时间意识到自己在工作和生活中真正寻找的东西，您可以采取步骤重新发现自己的动力。 设定自己的目标并让自己尝试新事物可以帮助您找到新的目标。 考虑到您真正需要的工作也可能会导致您找到一个更适合您人生目标的新工作。

Historians face many problems in piecing together the past from ancient inscriptions. They're usually incomplete, and also their origin and date may not be known.历史学家们在用古代铭文拼凑过往时面临许多难题。这些铭文通常残缺不全，而且它们的来源和年代也可能无从知晓。Researchers attempt to fill in the blanks by drawing on texts that are similar in wording, grammar, and appearance. Ancient inscriptions tend to be formulaic, so historians can infer what the missing part of the sentence is saying from similar inscriptions. The process is painstaking and can take months or years.研究人员们尝试填补铭文中的空白部分，他们通过借鉴在措辞、语法和外观上类似的文本来完成这项工作。古代铭文往往具有程式化的特征，所以历史学家们可以从相似的铭文中推断出一个句子中缺失的部分所要表达的内容。这个过程是十分艰难的，可能需要数月甚至数年的时间。Aeneas does this in the blink of an eye, by drawing from a database of 176,000 ancient Roman writings.而埃涅阿斯仅用一眨眼的功夫就能完成这项工作，它依靠的是从一个包含 17.6 万份古罗马文献的数据库中提取信息。

I also think there's a systematic or institutional resistance, right? Because genomics is thetipof the spear for preventive care. It's really the first in a series of things that we need to bring in order to preserve our health: multiomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, wearables, all the exciting things we've heard about that will keep us well instead of simply treating us when we're sick.我也认为存在一种系统性或制度性的抵制，对吧？因为基因组学是预防医疗的“矛头”。它实际上是我们为了保持健康所需要引入的一系列手段中的第一步：多组学、蛋白质组学、转录组学、可穿戴设备，所有这些令人兴奋的技术，都是为了帮助我们保持健康，而不仅仅是在生病时才进行治疗。Now, I'm happy to tell you that I've co-founded an international consortium on newborn sequencing. It's grown to 27 groups around the world that are all doing this in different healthcare systems. We get together, we compare notes, we share data. It's really exciting. I go to these annual meetings, it’s the most exciting meeting I go to every year, we feel like we're inventing an entirely new field of medicine.现在，我很高兴地告诉大家，我共同创立了一个关于新生儿基因测序的国际联盟。它已经发展到全球27个团队，他们在不同的医疗体系中开展类似的工作。我们聚在一起，交流经验，分享数据，这令人无比兴奋。我每年都会参加这个年度会议，这也是我每年最激动人心的一次会议，因为我们感觉自己正在开创一个全新的医学领域。But if we really want to invent the future, we've got to do something different. If we really want to invent the future, we've got to realize that a child's DNA doesn't change over time, but the science is changing all the time. And so what that means is we should sequence your child's DNA, and we should revisit and reanalyze that DNA over and over again to truly create the dream of genome-informed medicine. Because each and every year there will be new insights and new treatments available.但如果我们真的想要创造未来，就必须做一些不同的事情。我们必须认识到：孩子的DNA不会随时间改变，但科学却在不断进步。这意味着我们应该对孩子的DNA进行测序，并且反复重新分析它，从而真正实现“基因组指导医疗”的梦想。因为每一年都会出现新的发现和新的治疗方法。This isn't offered anywhere in the world, but I'm happy to tell you that we are trying to build this. We are building an AI-enhanced digital health platform so that you, your grandchildren, your children, your pediatricians, your health care centers, your employers, your nations can do this at scale.目前，全世界还没有地方提供这种服务，但我很高兴地告诉大家，我们正在努力构建它。我们正在打造一个由人工智能增强的数字健康平台，这样你、你的孩子、你的孙辈、儿科医生、医疗中心、雇主乃至国家，都可以大规模开展这一工作。It's going to take a certain amount of courage to change the way we think about disease, to embrace the knowledge of risk in order to preserve our health, rather than waiting for us and our children to get sick and treating them there. But if we can do this, if we can embrace this, we can save millions of lives and usher in an entirely new era of genome-inspired medicine.要改变我们对疾病的看法，需要一定的勇气。我们必须接纳风险知识，以此来保护我们的健康，而不是等到我们和孩子生病后再去治疗。但如果我们能够做到这一点，如果我们能够拥抱这一理念，我们就能拯救数百万人的生命，并迎来一个由基因组启发的全新时代的医学。

But that system is overburdened, under-resourced, and since 2008, it's only added nine new conditions. And as we've just said, there are several hundred treatable genetic conditions today. It’s going to be very hard for them to keep up.但该体系人手不足、资源匮乏，自2008年以来仅新增了九种疾病。正如我们刚才所说，如今有数百种可治疗的遗传性疾病，单靠现有体系很难跟得上。Why are people so resistant? Why aren't we demanding this? Well, part of the reason is human psychology, right? You bring home this perfect little baby, and you don't really want to look for something that might be wrong, even if, intellectually, you know it might be treatable. But we've got to get past that.人们为什么如此抗拒？为什么我们不去强烈要求普及这项技术？部分原因来自人类心理：把这个完美的小宝宝带回家后，你并不想去寻找可能存在的问题——即便从理智上你知道这些问题可能是可治疗的。但我们必须突破这种心理障碍。The other reason is privacy concerns. And this is sort of ironic because privacy concerns are real. Your DNA is a biometric. It's kind of like a fingerprint. There's certainly some law enforcement considerations, but if somebody steals my genome, they really can't make much of it. Whereas if they steal my electronic footprint or your electronic footprint, there's a lot more harm that can be done.另一个原因是隐私担忧。这有点讽刺，但隐私担忧确实存在。你的DNA是一种生物识别信息，有点像指纹。确实存在执法方面的考虑，但如果有人窃取了我的基因组，实际上他们也很难利用它做太多事情；而如果窃取了我的电子足迹或你的电子足迹，就可能造成更多的伤害。So I'm not saying we shouldn't be concerned about privacy. In fact, privacy is protected when you look for genomic information in a medical context, just like it's protected for your psychiatric history and your HIV status and so forth.我并不是说我们不该关心隐私问题。事实上，在医疗情境下查找基因组信息会受到隐私保护，就像精神病史、艾滋病感染状况等信息一样受保护。It's also been confusing to have direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Now, these companies, for the most part, were very honest about what they offered, but they were not protected by these same legal protections as health care. And typical direct-to-consumer companies use a technology called genotyping. So they're looking for various markers in the genome, which is good for ancestry and traits, but not so good for mutations. For that, you really need the sequencing, every single letter of the DNA, and that's 5,000 times more granular.直接面向消费者的基因检测也令人困惑。这些公司在很大程度上对其提供的服务是坦诚的，但它们并不受与医疗保健相同的法律保护。典型的直接检测公司使用的是一种叫做基因分型（genotyping）的技术，因此它们寻找的是基因组中的各种标记，这对祖源和性状分析很有用，但对检测突变并不十分可靠。要检测突变，确实需要测序——也就是读取DNA的每一个碱基——这种方法的精细度高出约5000倍。

Let me let you hear from a couple of the BabySeq mothers who've gone through this and hear what they have to say about the findings in their own children.让我带你听听几位参与 BabySeq 项目的母亲们的心声，听听她们对于自己孩子检测结果的看法。Now, this was baby Adam, who had an elastin gene mutation which can be associated with a narrowed aorta.这是婴儿亚当，他有一个弹性蛋白基因突变，这种突变可能与主动脉狭窄有关。Finding out that your newborn has a heart problem, of all things, is absolutely terrifying. But knowing that we could be proactive gave us some peace of mind that we were doing everything we could do instead of being surprised down the road.发现自己新生的孩子居然有心脏问题，这无疑是极其可怕的。但得知我们能够主动采取措施，这让我们心里多少有些安慰，因为我们已经尽力而为，而不是在未来突然遭遇意外打击。And in fact, after this mutation was found, a scan found that this baby's aorta was already mildly narrowed, it can now be followed and treated if it gets worse.事实上，在发现这个突变后，扫描检查表明这个婴儿的主动脉已经出现轻度狭窄。如今可以进行随访监测，如果情况恶化，就能及时治疗。Baby Cora, who's now almost nine years old, was found to have mutations suggestive of biotinidase deficiency, which is absolutely necessary for proper brain development. So she takes a simple dietary supplement every day that's kept her brain safe.科拉宝宝，如今已经快九岁了，她被发现携带提示生物素酶缺乏症的突变。这种酶对大脑正常发育至关重要。于是她每天服用一种简单的膳食补充剂，从而保护了她的大脑。We give her a daily vitamin to treat her enzyme deficiency. We had to get creative at first, but now it's part of our routine. I'm just glad we discovered the conditions before there were any symptoms.我们每天给她服用维生素来治疗这种酶缺乏。一开始我们得想办法让她接受，但现在这已经成为生活的一部分。我很庆幸我们在症状出现之前就发现了这个问题。And baby Jacob was one of four children who had mutations that created a predisposition for pediatric or adult onset cancers. Now, in his case, the gene was BRCA2 or “Broca” 2, and nobody in the family knew that it was present. When we found out, we traced it back to his mother, who was surprised but who could then take action.婴儿雅各布则是四个因基因突变而容易患儿科或成年期癌症的孩子之一。他的突变基因是 BRCA2（俗称“布罗卡2”），家里没人知道有这种基因存在。当我们发现后，追溯到他的母亲，她很惊讶，但随后能够采取应对措施。It turns out that I ultimately was carrying a mutation. I had risk-reducing and ultimately life-saving surgery, and I believe it was the right decision so I could be present for my son.结果发现，我自己最终是这个基因突变的携带者。我接受了降低风险、最终挽救生命的手术。我相信这是一个正确的决定，因为这样我才能陪伴在儿子身边。So how can we bring this to every family that wants this insight? Well, there is a newborn screening system around most of the world. It looks for, in the United States, up to 75 treatable conditions, mostly metabolic conditions.那么，我们该如何让每一个希望获得这种洞察的家庭都能受益呢？其实，在世界大多数国家和地区都有新生儿筛查系统。在美国，这种筛查可以检测多达75种可治疗的疾病，其中大多数是代谢性疾病。

People were aghast. They thought we were going to do terrible medical things to these children. They thought there was going to be catastrophic psychological distress, and they thought we were going to spend all sorts of money. So we've spent ten yearsexquisitely studying the medical, behavioral and economic impact of newborn genetic sequencing. And we don't have all the answers yet, but I have to tell you that what we've discovered so far is pretty reassuring.↳人们当时都很震惊。他们以为我们要对这些孩子进行可怕的医学实验；他们以为这会带来灾难性的心理创伤；他们还以为我们会花费大量的金钱。于是，我们花了十年时间，精细地研究新生儿基因测序在医学、行为和经济上的影响。虽然我们还没有得到全部的答案，但到目前为止的发现已经相当令人安心。Now, what was really surprising about this was what we found in these normal babies. If you take, let's say, 400 genes which represent conditions that are treatable today, absolutely treatable, in about 1,000 families, we found mutations in those genes in about four percent of these babies. Four percent.真正让人惊讶的是，我们在这些健康的新生儿中发现了什么。假设我们取大约400个基因，这些基因代表了当今可以明确治疗的疾病，在大约1000个家庭的新生儿中，我们发现约4%的婴儿携带这些基因的突变。4%！And if you expanded that gene list to be, let's say, 5,000 genes long, and that includes conditions that aren't treatable yet, conditions that maybe attack you in adulthood, we found an incredible 12 percent of these babies were carrying such mutations.如果把这个基因列表扩展到大约5000个基因，其中包括目前尚不可治疗、可能在成年后才会发病的疾病，那么我们发现竟有高达12%的婴儿携带这类突变。Now, remember, that doesn't mean that all of these children are going to get the disease. But it does mean that if you know the risk that the children have, then your pediatrician and your family can be on the lookout for vague symptoms that would otherwise be overlooked.当然，请记住，这并不意味着所有这些孩子都会得病。但这确实意味着，如果你知道孩子所具有的风险，那么儿科医生和家人就可以提前留意一些本来可能被忽视的模糊症状。This isn't a small problem. If this holds, that means in the United States, there are over 400,000 babies a year that will carry these risk mutations, and worldwide, that's over 15 million babies a year that will carry these risk mutations. It's kind of ironic, isn't it, because these are individually rare diseases, many of them you won't even have heard of, but together they are a massive medical problem.这可不是一个小问题。如果这个比例成立，那就意味着在美国，每年会有超过40万名婴儿携带这些风险突变；而在全球范围内，每年会有超过1500万名婴儿携带这些风险突变。这有点讽刺，不是吗？因为这些疾病单独来看都很罕见，许多甚至你从未听说过，但加在一起，它们却构成了一个巨大的医学难题。

So on April 22, 2015, a four-day-old baby girl in Boston, let's call her baby Maria, became the first healthy infant in human history to have her genome comprehensively sequenced, comprehensively analyzed, as part of a clinical controlled trial in preventive genomics.2015年4月22日，在波士顿，一名只有四天大的女婴——我们姑且称她为玛丽亚宝宝——成为人类历史上第一位健康婴儿，她的基因组在一项预防性基因组学的临床对照试验中被全面测序并进行全面分析。Now, why is this important? It's great to be first, but it's important because when children are ill, everybody's upset. But when children remain ill and doctors can't figure out what's going on, well, that casts their parents into a diagnostic odyssey that can take years and be incredibly agonizing. It can create all sorts of misunderstanding, misdiagnosis and mismanagement.那么，为什么这很重要呢？成为“第一”固然值得称道，但更重要的是，当孩子生病时，全家都会陷入焦虑。而当孩子长期患病而医生却无法找出病因时，父母就会踏上一段漫长而痛苦的“诊断奥德赛”，这种折磨可能持续多年。它会带来各种误解、误诊，甚至错误治疗。Now, sometimes those children will go on to get genetic testing, and sometimes they'll find an answer. And sometimes those answers mean that you can treat the child, but by then it can be too late. The damage is permanent. This is particularly tragic because there are so many treatable genetic conditions today, and they're going to be even more with gene editing, cell and gene therapies. In fact, it's been suggested that over 90 percent of genetic conditions will be treatable in the next few years with gene editing.有时候，这些孩子最终会接受基因检测，有时候能找到答案。而有时这些答案意味着孩子是可以治疗的，但等到那时，往往已经为时已晚，损害不可逆转。这尤其令人痛心，因为如今已有许多遗传性疾病是可治疗的，而随着基因编辑、细胞与基因疗法的发展，可治疗的遗传病将会更多。事实上，有人预测，在未来几年内，超过90%的遗传性疾病都将通过基因编辑得到治疗。So the key to this is obviously finding these children early, actually analyzing their DNA at or shortly after birth. And so ten years ago, I pulled together a team at Harvard Medical School, Mass General Brigham, Broad Institute, Ariadne Labs, and got together with a brilliant group of co-leaders: Alan Beggs, Amy McGuire, Heidi Rehm and Ingrid Holm. And together, we launched the BabySeq or Baby Sequencing Project, the world's first trial of newborn genomic sequencing.因此，关键显然在于尽早发现这些孩子，在出生时或出生后不久就对他们的DNA进行分析。于是十年前，我在哈佛医学院、麻省总医院、布罗德研究所和阿里阿德涅实验室组建了一支团队，并与一群杰出的共同领导者——艾伦·贝格斯、艾米·麦奎尔、海蒂·雷姆和英格丽德·霍尔姆——携手合作。我们共同启动了“婴儿基因组测序计划”（BabySeq Project），这是世界上第一个针对新生儿进行基因组测序的试验。Now, when we presented this information at medical meetings, we didn't quite get the reaction we were hoping for.然而，当我们在医学会议上展示这些成果时，却并没有得到我们所期望的反应。

The data shows the average surface temperature of UK waters in the seven months to the end of July was more than 0.2 degrees celsius higher than any year since 1980. Now that might not sound much, but the UK's seas are now considerably warmer than even a few decades ago.数据显示，在截至七月底的七个月里，英国海水的平均表面温度比 1980 年以来的任何一年都高出零点二摄氏度以上。这个温度升幅也许听起来不算太多，但是如今英国海水的温度已经比几十年前高出了相当多。Scientists and amateur naturalists in the south-west of England have observed a remarkable range of species, not usually seen in UK waters. They include large numbers of bluefin tuna and octopuses, as well as mauve stinger jellyfish, conger eels, humpback whales and even the world's second-largest whale species, the fin whale.科学家和业余博物学家在英格兰的西南部观察到了一系列非同寻常的物种，这些物种在英国海域中并不常见。这其中包括大量的蓝鳍金枪鱼和章鱼，以及紫纹海刺水母、康吉鳗鱼、座头鲸，甚至还有世界第二大鲸鱼物种——长须鲸。But there have also been significant declines in cooler water species, including cod and haddock.但是，喜冷生物的数量也出现了显著下降，比如鳕鱼和黑线鳕。

"The railway that got the world on track." On the 27 September 1825, crowds gathered in a small market town in north-east England to witness something that had not been seen before – a train carrying passengers for the first time. It had taken eight hours to travel 48km – around the speed of an average cyclist – but this steam locomotive was a pioneer in the development of modern railways and changed the world forever as rail spread across the globe.“使世界步入正轨的铁路”。 1825年9月27日，人群聚集在英格兰东北部的一个小市小镇，目睹了以前从未见过的东西 - 第一次载着乘客的火车。 在普通骑自行车的人的速度下，旅行48公里花了八个小时，但是这种蒸汽机车是现代铁路发展的先驱，随着铁路在全球范围内蔓延，世界永远改变了世界。2025 marks 200 years of passenger trains, and the UK is celebrating this milestone with Railway 200 – a year-long programme of events. From guided walking tours along old, abandoned rail routes, to competitions and careers events. Railway 200 organisers have also designed a travelling exhibition on a special train that will criss-cross the UK for 12 months. Admission to the train is free and there are four carriages, each with a different theme. These include a carriage with hands-on, interactive activities which invite people to test their engineering skills. Emma Roberts, Railway 200 organiser, said it is an "unforgettable experience" for visitors.2025年是200年的旅客列车，英国正在用Railway 200（一年的活动计划）庆祝这一里程碑。 从沿着古老的，废弃的铁路路线进行导游的徒步旅行，到比赛和职业活动。 Railway 200组织者还设计了一场特殊火车的旅行展览，该展览将在英国纵横交错12个月。 火车的入场是免费的，有四辆马车，每辆都有不同的主题。 这些包括带有动手互动活动的马车，邀请人们测试他们的工程技能。 铁路200组织者艾玛·罗伯茨（Emma Roberts）表示，对于游客来说，这是一种“难忘的经历”。Also celebrating this bicentennial is Tom Chesshyre, train enthusiast and author of 'Slow Trains Around Britain'. Among what attracts him to train travel is that you can see places off the beaten track out the train window, and you can relax and read a book without worrying about traffic jams. Tom's favourite slow train ride is from Inverness, in the middle of Scotland, to the most northerly station in the whole of the UK in Thurso through "a kind of desolate landscape". Tom says, "You feel like you're taking a train and disappearing from modern life, leaving it behind." The route Tom crowned 'most picturesque' was a short journey from St Erth in Cornwall to St Ives which travels along a clifftop with the beach down below.还庆祝这一双百年纪念的是汤姆·切斯海尔（Tom Chesshyre），他是火车爱好者，也是“英国慢火车”的作者。 在吸引他进行火车旅行的地方，您可以看到人迹罕至的轨道上的位置，您可以放松身心和阅读书，而不必担心交通拥堵。 汤姆最喜欢的慢速火车骑行是从因弗内斯，苏格兰中部，到瑟索全英国最北端的车站，通过“一种荒凉的景观”。 汤姆说：“您觉得自己正在乘火车，从现代生活中消失，将其抛在后面。” 汤姆（Tom）加冕的路线是从康沃尔（Cornwall）的圣埃斯（St Erth）到圣艾夫斯（St Ives）的一段短途旅行，沿着悬崖峭壁在悬崖上行进，海滩下方。Train travel has come a long way since 1825. Today, trains are more efficient and better connected than ever. From the Eurostar, which connects London to mainland Europe through a tunnel under the English Channel, to high-speed routes in Japan and China, the world is on the move.自1825年以来，4火车旅行已经走了很长一段路。今天，火车比以往任何时候都更加高效，连接更好。 从将英国频道下的隧道连接到伦敦到欧洲大陆的欧洲之星，再到日本和中国的高速航线，世界正在发生。

Take the chick killing. Innovators have developed in-ovo sexing technology that allows the egg industry to only hatch the female chicks. Thanks to that, Germany recently banned the killing of day-old chicks entirely, andFranceand Italy are largely doing so too.说到小鸡的屠杀，创新者已经研发出了“蛋内分性”技术，使得蛋类产业只孵化雌性小鸡。正因如此，德国最近全面禁止了对刚出生一天的小鸡的屠杀，法国和意大利也在大规模推行这一做法。Other innovators are developing alternative proteins, made from plants, algae, even animal cells to meet the world's growing demand for animal protein without more factory farming.还有一些创新者正在研发替代蛋白质，来源包括植物、藻类，甚至是动物细胞，以满足全球对动物蛋白日益增长的需求，而无需更多的工厂化养殖。And yet, for all this progress, the problem overall is still growing worse. More animals are suffering at human hands today than at any prior point in our history.然而，尽管已经有了这些进步，整体问题仍在恶化。如今，在人类手中受苦的动物数量，比历史上任何时期都要多。We raise and kill 210 billion animals globally every year. Two hundred and ten billion. That's more than the number of humans who have ever lived on Earth.全球每年被饲养并屠杀的动物高达2100亿只。2100亿！这个数字甚至超过了人类在地球上有史以来的总人口数。We are the only species to have ever inflicted so much suffering on so many other animals. But we are also the only species to have ever acted to protect other animals from cruelty. We are a species of animal lovers. It is core to our humanity.我们是唯一一个曾给如此多其他动物带来巨大苦难的物种。但我们也是唯一一个会采取行动保护动物免受残酷对待的物种。我们是爱动物的物种，这是人性的重要组成部分。One day, humanity will end the worst abuses on factory farms. And when we do, our descendants will look back and ask what we did to help end them.↳总有一天，人类会终结工厂化养殖中最严重的虐待行为。而当那一刻到来时，我们的后代会回头问：我们曾做过什么来帮助结束它？So what can you do to help? You can advocate, donate, even devote your career to this cause. But if you do just one thing, I ask this. Talk about factory farming.那么，你能做些什么来帮助呢？你可以倡导、捐助，甚至把一生奉献给这一事业。但如果只能做一件事，我请求你——请谈论工厂化养殖。Tell the corporations you buy from, the politicians you vote for that you expect them to adopt at least basic animal-welfare standards. Tell your friends and family what you've learned about factory farming.告诉你购买商品的企业、你投票支持的政客，你希望他们至少采用基本的动物福利标准。告诉你的朋友和家人你所了解到的关于工厂化养殖的真相。Factory farming thrives in the dark, shielded by a cone of silence, ignored by our politicians, our media and society at large. Its victims are voiceless. They need your voice.工厂化养殖依靠黑暗而存在，被沉默的屏障保护着，被政客、媒体和整个社会忽视。它的受害者没有声音，他们需要你的声音。I was thinking about this when I was back in New Zealand a few months ago with our three-year-old son, Willie, visiting my childhood farm. Willie's started asking what I do at work all day. He just doesn't understand strategic philanthropy to reform factory farming.几个月前，我带着三岁的儿子威利回到新西兰，参观我童年的农场时，我想到了这些。威利开始问我：你每天上班都在做什么？他根本无法理解“通过战略性慈善改革工厂化养殖”是什么意思。No matter how many times I repeat it.无论我重复多少次，他都听不懂。So I told him, I'm trying to make the world a little bit more like that farm. We can have that world. Humanity has already amassed unprecedented wealth and power. Soon, advances in AI will make us more powerful still.于是我告诉他：我正在努力让这个世界变得更像那片农场。我们完全可以拥有这样的世界。人类已经积累了前所未有的财富与力量，很快，人工智能的进步还会让我们更加强大。And we will face a choice, a test of our humanity. Will we use that power to factory-farm ever more animals? Or will we use it to end this cruelty?而我们将面临一个选择——一场人性的考验。我们会用这种力量去工厂化养殖更多的动物？还是用它来终结这种残酷？Humans are animals too. What separates us from the pigs and the chickens is our ability to make moral progress. We should use it.人类也是动物。我们与猪和鸡的区别，在于我们有能力推动道德的进步。我们理应运用这种能力。

And this. This is a trash can full of live baby chicks. I honestly didn't believe this one when I first heard about it. It just sounded like comic-book villain stuff. But it's real. The egg industry has no need for the seven billion male chicks born annually. So it kills them on their first day alive in this world, typically by throwing them in the trash or into a giant meat grinder.还有这个。这是一只装满活小鸡的垃圾桶。老实说，第一次听到这个时，我根本不相信，听起来就像漫画里反派的恶行。但这是真的。蛋类产业对每年出生的大约七十亿只雄性小鸡没有任何用途，因此它们在生命的第一天就被杀死，通常的做法是直接扔进垃圾桶，或丢进巨大的绞肉机。I could go on, but don't worry, I won't. We're all done with the images.我可以继续讲下去，但别担心，我不会了。关于图片的部分到此为止。I'm guessing you're not a fan of what you just saw. And you're not alone. Eighty-eight percent of Americans told a recent survey that they think gestation crates and battery cages are unacceptable. Try finding any other issue that 88 percent of Americans can agree on today.我想你对刚才看到的东西一定不喜欢。而你并不孤单。最近一项调查显示，88%的美国人认为妊娠栏和电池笼是不可接受的。如今，你几乎找不到另一个能让88%的美国人达成共识的问题。It's not surprising, though. We as a society have already decided that animal cruelty is wrong. If you treated your dog the way that a factory farm treats their pigs, you'd be committingfelonyanimal cruelty in most US states.这并不令人意外。作为一个社会，我们早已认定虐待动物是错误的。如果你像工厂化养殖场对待猪那样对待自己的狗，在大多数美国州，你都会被判定为严重的虐待动物罪。And this isn't just about the animals. Factory farms, which densely crowd together hundreds of thousands, even millions of near genetically identical, immune-compromised individuals, are the perfect breeding grounds for disease. They control these diseases with antibiotics. Tons of them. In fact, even as we face an antibiotic resistance crisis in humans, we are feeding far more antibiotics to farm animals than we use in all human medicine. But antibiotics can't stop viruses, which is why we have a bird-flu pandemic sweeping through America's factory farms right now.而且，这不仅仅关乎动物。工厂化养殖场把几十万、甚至上百万基因几乎相同、免疫力低下的个体挤在一起，这正是疾病的理想温床。它们用抗生素来控制疾病——大量的抗生素。事实上，即使人类正面临抗生素耐药性危机，我们给农场动物喂食的抗生素依然远远超过用于人类医疗的总量。但抗生素无法对抗病毒，这就是为什么如今美国的工厂化养殖场正在爆发禽流感大流行。After I learned all this, I dedicated my life to ending the worst abuses on factory farms. And the good news is, I've seen more progress in the last decade than in all prior decades combined. On these three practices, we are close to a tipping point.在了解到这些之后，我将自己的一生都投入到终结工厂化养殖中最严重的虐待行为中。好消息是，过去十年里我看到的进展，比之前几十年的总和还要多。在这三种做法上，我们正接近一个转折点。Take the gestation crates. Advocates have won bans on them in 11 US states, from California to Florida. The Brazilian pork industry, led by giants like JBS, is moving away from the crates entirely.以妊娠栏为例。倡导者已经在美国11个州推动禁用它们，从加州到佛罗里达都有。由JBS等巨头主导的巴西猪肉产业，也正在全面摆脱妊娠栏。Take the battery cages. Advocates have won promises from the world's largest supermarket and fast food chains to stop sourcing eggs from caged hens. McDonald's is now 100 percent cage-free in its US and Canadian egg supply, and Costco is nearly there too.再说电池笼。倡导者成功让全球最大的超市和快餐连锁企业承诺，不再采购笼养鸡蛋。麦当劳目前在美国和加拿大的鸡蛋供应已完全实现非笼养，Costco也几乎达到了这一标准。Forty-four percent of US hens are now out of cages, up from less than 10 percent a decade ago.如今，美国有44%的产蛋母鸡已经摆脱了笼养，而十年前，这个数字还不到10%。

Honestly, the slaughterhouse wasn't as bad as I'd expected. It was the state of the animals arriving there that shook me. I remember seeing pigs coming down off a transport truck. Some shaking, some squealing, some limping in pain.说实话，屠宰场本身并没有我想象中那么糟糕。真正让我震惊的是抵达那里的动物的状态。我记得看到一些猪从运输卡车上被赶下来，有的在发抖，有的在尖叫，有的痛苦地一瘸一拐。"Liam," I said, "why are those pigs limping?" "Not my problem," he replied. So I looked into it.“利亚姆，”我问，“那些猪为什么一瘸一拐的？”他回答说：“不关我的事。”于是我决定自己去调查。Before I tell you what I learned, let me say I'm not here to tell you what to eat. In fact, I don't think this should be on you as an individual consumer at all. You never chose factory farming. When the factory farms came in and replaced the old family farms, they didn't tell you they were doing it. They didn't relabel the meat as "Now from miserable animals." They labeled it as "all natural" and "farm fresh."在告诉你我发现了什么之前，我必须先说，我不是来告诉你该吃什么、不该吃什么的。事实上，我认为作为个体消费者，这根本不应该由你来承担。你从未选择过工厂化养殖。当工厂化养殖取代传统家庭农场时，他们并没有告诉你。而且他们也不会把肉类贴上“来自悲惨动物”的标签，他们贴的标签是“纯天然”和“农场新鲜”。In fact, the industry has created an entire system to stop you from seeing how your meat is produced. They've even passed egg gag laws in US states to make it a crime to record conditions in factory farms. Which makes it all the more important that we see what they're trying to hide from us.实际上，这个产业建立了一整套体系，目的就是阻止你看到肉类是如何生产的。在美国，有些州甚至通过了所谓的“禁蛋法”，把拍摄工厂化养殖场的状况定为犯罪。这也使得我们了解他们刻意隐瞒的真相变得更加重要。So I'm going to show you images of three common factory farming practices. I deliberately didn't choose the most gruesome or out-there practices I could find. These are everyday realities involved in the production of most pork and eggs globally.所以，我将给大家展示三种常见的工厂化养殖方式。我特意没有选择那些最恐怖、最极端的案例，而是展示全球大多数猪肉和鸡蛋生产中每天都在发生的现实。Here we go. This is the gestation crate. This is why the pigs at the slaughterhouse were limping. They were female breeding pigs who had been confined to crates like these, unable to walk or even turn around for their entire pregnancies. Once they gave birth, they were moved to slightly larger birthing crates and then back into these crates to get pregnant again and again and again for years on end.来看第一种：这是妊娠栏。这就是为什么屠宰场里的猪会一瘸一拐。它们是母猪，一整个怀孕期间都被关在这样的铁栏里，无法走动，甚至无法转身。生下小猪后，它们会被转移到稍大一些的分娩栏，随后又被关回这些妊娠栏里，不断地再次怀孕，年复一年，周而复始。A friend of mine who worked undercover at a pig factory farm told me the worst thing he has ever done was to force these pigs back into their crates after they gave birth. They fought so hard not to go back in.我有一位朋友曾以卧底身份进入一家猪场工作，他告诉我，自己做过的最痛苦的事，就是把这些母猪在生产后强行赶回妊娠栏里。母猪拼命挣扎，不愿再回到那个铁笼。This is a photo I took of a battery cage on an egg factory farm. Most of the world's eight billion egg-laying hens, roughly one for every person alive on Earth today, are confined right now in cages like these, unable to so much as flap their wings.这是我在一个蛋鸡工厂农场拍摄的电池笼照片。全世界大约有八十亿只产蛋母鸡——差不多相当于地球上每个人对应一只——此刻正被困在这样的笼子里，甚至连扇动翅膀都做不到。

Today, I want to talk with you of the most important moral issues we never talk about. And that's factory farming.今天，我想和大家谈一谈一个我们几乎从不讨论、却极其重要的道德问题——那就是工厂化养殖。But first, I want to share with you the story of how I came to be here. I grew up in New Zealand, and yes, we had a sheep farm. It was small, 100 acres of rolling hills, and the sheep would graze the hillsides by day and then retreat to the hilltops to circle up and fall asleep at night. That's me, ready to farm right after my picnic.但在此之前，我想先和你们分享一下我为什么会站在这里。我是在新西兰长大的，我们家确实有一个羊场。它很小，只有100英亩的起伏丘陵。白天，羊群在山坡上吃草；晚上，它们会退到山顶，围成一圈进入梦乡。那就是我，野餐之后准备去放羊的样子。The sheep ultimately went to slaughter, but I always felt like at least they'd lived good lives and had quick deaths. Frankly, if I'm ever reincarnated as a sheep, which, as a New Zealander, is not unlikely这些羊最终都会被宰杀，但我一直觉得，至少它们过着不错的生活，死得也算迅速。坦白说，如果我有来世变成了一只羊——作为一个新西兰人，这其实并非不可能——I'd like to live their life. When I was a teenager, we traveled to Vietnam. And in the backstreets of Hanoi, I stumbled into a live-animal market. I still remember seeing the sight: stacks upon stacks of cages crammed full of animals, of every species, trembling in fear, staring out at me in distress. I was shaken. But when I returned to New Zealand, I figured things were different. I mean, you can see the cows and the sheep in the fields.我宁愿过它们那样的生活。少年时，我曾随家人去越南旅行。在河内的街巷里，我无意间闯进了一个活体动物市场。我至今仍记得那一幕：一层又一层的笼子里挤满了各种动物，它们因恐惧而发抖，眼神里充满了痛苦与绝望地望着我。我震撼不已。但当我回到新西兰后，我心想情况应该不一样吧，毕竟在田野里你随处都能看到牛和羊自在地活动。Still, I started to wonder how we treated the animals that you couldn't see. How in particular did we treat the pigs and the chickens? So I did what you did back then. I picked up a phone book and I looked up some pig and chicken farms. And one by one, I called and I naively asked if I could just come visit. And one by one, they told me no. They don't let anyone just visit.然而，我还是开始好奇那些我们看不见的动物究竟是如何被对待的。尤其是猪和鸡，它们的处境如何？于是我做了当时人们常做的事——我翻开电话簿，找到了一些猪场和鸡场。然后一个接一个地打电话，天真地询问是否可以去参观。结果，一个接一个的回答都是“不可以”。他们根本不允许任何人随便参观。Finally, I got hold of a major slaughterhouse and connected with a farm boy, let's call him Liam. Now, this slaughterhouse didn't do visitors either, but Liam and I bonded over sheep, and he agreed to get me in.最后，我联系到了一家大型屠宰场，并结识了一个农场小伙子，我们就叫他利亚姆吧。虽然这家屠宰场同样不接待访客，但因为我和利亚姆聊到了养羊，他与我建立了信任，最终答应带我进去。

Moving from one group to another is something that shapes both gorilla and human society. To understand more about its evolutionary origins, researchers studied decades of data on mountain gorillas in the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda, an area that's been monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund since the 60s.从一个群体迁移到另一个群体，这种行为塑造着大猩猩和人类社会。为了进一步了解这种行为的进化起源，研究人员研究分析了几十年来在卢旺达火山国家公园居住的山地大猩猩的数据，该区域自上世纪 60 年代以来一直受到黛安·弗西大猩猩基金会的监测。The research team tracked the dispersal of 56 different female gorillas over the years. They discovered that the animals tended to join groups with females they knew, friends they'd grown up with or females that they'd made a social connection with more recently. Even if two females had been apart for many years they'd often reunite when an animal moved groups. The scientists say this shows that the relationship between two female gorillas is much more socially significant than previously thought.该研究团队多年来追踪了 56 只雌性大猩猩的分布情况。他们发现这些动物倾向于加入它们认识的雌性大猩猩，或是加入那些和它们一起长大的朋友们、或者是近期和它们建立社交联系的雌性群体。即使两只雌性大猩猩已经分别多年，但当其中一只迁移群体时，它们可能就会再度团聚。科学家们表示，这表明两只雌性大猩猩之间的关系比人们此前认为的更具社会意义。